Climatic factors | forestrynepal
Climatic factors has contributed to climatic change either direct or indirect. I recommend this website above to read, which talks about the factors (Solar radiation: a. Light, b. Heat and temperature, Moisture and wind). The writer go into details how they contributed to climatic change and you will see other references too.
References:
Climatic
Friday, December 14, 2012
Int J Dev Biol - Loss of plakophilin 2 disrupts heart development in zebrafish
Int J Dev Biol - Loss of plakophilin 2 disrupts heart development in zebrafish
This is interesting topic to read about the 'Loss of plakophilin 2 disrupts heart development in zebrafish.
The abstract talks about the desmosomal armadillo protein plakophilin 2 is the only plakophilin expressed in the heart, and mutation in the human plakophilin2 gene result in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.....
References:
http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper/113390mm/loss-of-plakophilin-2-disrupts-heart-development-in-zebrafish
This is interesting topic to read about the 'Loss of plakophilin 2 disrupts heart development in zebrafish.
The abstract talks about the desmosomal armadillo protein plakophilin 2 is the only plakophilin expressed in the heart, and mutation in the human plakophilin2 gene result in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.....
References:
http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper/113390mm/loss-of-plakophilin-2-disrupts-heart-development-in-zebrafish
Friday, December 7, 2012
World's big trees are dying: Alarming increase in death rates among trees 100-300 years old
This is amazing to read, because it talks about the declining of the largest trees around the globe! What is the causes of it? Check it out by yourself!!!!!
World's big trees are dying: Alarming increase in death rates among trees 100-300 years old
References:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121206162519.htm
World's big trees are dying: Alarming increase in death rates among trees 100-300 years old
References:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121206162519.htm
Developmental Biology! Animal Body Plans of Development.
The body of animal form as part of an inherited developmental sequence and the sequence starts after fertilization of an egg produced by the ovary form a Zygote. And this Zygote is single big cell until the process of cleavage started dividing itself into a large number of smaller cells named Blastomeres.
The cleavage starts in several different patterns: cnidarians and sponges lack a distinct cleavage shape, but bilateral animals, exhibit either radial or spiral cleavage. Based on the Biologist, assumed that these two types of cleavage each evolved and the animals with spiral cleavage form a monophyletic group, compared to the animals with radial cleavage.
Radial cleavage are typical of echinoderms, chordates and hemichordates. It occurs with regulative development where each blastomere of the early embryo.
Spiral cleavage are typical of mollusks, annelids and other protostomes. It occurs in form of mosaic development, which the organ-forming determinants in the egg cytoplasm etc.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Animal diversity 5th Edition.
The cleavage starts in several different patterns: cnidarians and sponges lack a distinct cleavage shape, but bilateral animals, exhibit either radial or spiral cleavage. Based on the Biologist, assumed that these two types of cleavage each evolved and the animals with spiral cleavage form a monophyletic group, compared to the animals with radial cleavage.
Radial cleavage are typical of echinoderms, chordates and hemichordates. It occurs with regulative development where each blastomere of the early embryo.
Spiral cleavage are typical of mollusks, annelids and other protostomes. It occurs in form of mosaic development, which the organ-forming determinants in the egg cytoplasm etc.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Animal diversity 5th Edition.
Friday, November 30, 2012
Developmental Biology! Condition associated with abnormal male gonad development during early development stage!
The are many conditions that can leads to abnormal development of male sex gonads during the early
development starting from fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis period. We will
mention only two for today and hope we learn something interesting from it.
- -Klinefelter syndrome is the condition that resulted from extra ‘X’ chromosome
(gynecomastia),
reduced the facial and body hair and unable to father a child in life.
development starting from fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis period. We will
mention only two for today and hope we learn something interesting from it.
- -Klinefelter syndrome is the condition that resulted from extra ‘X’ chromosome
received by a male child during
fertilization period.
Klinefelter syndrome can leads to low or
shortage of testosterone at puberty and
this can leads to breast enlargement
--
Absent of gene can leads to abnormality of
sex male gonad during early
reproductive parts in
male child.
development of embryo. For example:
Deletion or mutation of SRY gene will results
in failure to form testicle part and end up
forming or developing ovary and females
For many other conditions that contributed to abnormal male sex gonad development can be
view from either 'wikipedia website' or other medical website for more references to view.
Thank you for reading my blog and hope to see you next time again.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
www.nih.gov or National institute of Health domain.
The Element of Ecology! Effect of overpopulation in community.
What is overpopulation? According to wikipedia dictionary, overpopulation a generally undesirable condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. Overpopulation occurs around the globe as well not just community in forest only and the consequence is very detrimental to the living organism and non-lilving organism too. These are effects of overpopulation as follow below:
1. Inadequate of food or scarcity of food in the community.
2. Spread of disease around the community because of overcrowded among the group of different species in the community.
3. lack of space for habitation.
4. leads to change in temperature in the community.
5. increase in death rate and decrease in birth rate.
6. Lack of water or drought period.
7. Leads to competition within the community, either intraspecific or interspecific competition in the community.
There are many effects resulting from overpopulation in the community that is not mentioned, but you search online for many more. Thanks for reading and hope to see you next time again.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
1. Inadequate of food or scarcity of food in the community.
2. Spread of disease around the community because of overcrowded among the group of different species in the community.
3. lack of space for habitation.
4. leads to change in temperature in the community.
5. increase in death rate and decrease in birth rate.
6. Lack of water or drought period.
7. Leads to competition within the community, either intraspecific or interspecific competition in the community.
There are many effects resulting from overpopulation in the community that is not mentioned, but you search online for many more. Thanks for reading and hope to see you next time again.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Friday, November 16, 2012
Developmental Biology! Topic: Summary of early amphibian development
Fertilization can occur anywhere in the animal hemisphere of the amphibian embryo, but the point of sperm entry is very imperative because it determines the orientation of the dorsal-ventral axis of the larva (tadpole). The point of sperm entry will mark the ventral side of the embryo, while the site 180 degrees opposite the point of sperm entry will mark the dorsal side.
Cleavage in most frog embryos is radially symmetrical and holoblastic, just like echinoderm cleavage. As we mentioned that amphibian cleavage is holoblastic, but it is unequal due to the presence of yolk in the vegetal hemisphere.
Gastrulation in amphibian begins with the invagination of the bottle cells, followed by the coordinated involution of the mesoderm and the epiboly of the ectoderm. The rotation of the vegetal pole plays a important role in directing the involution pattern. During gastrulation, the driving forces for ectoderm epiboly and the convergent extension of the mesoderm are the intercalation events in which several tissues layers merge. What play important role to make sure that mesodermal cell to migrate into the embryo? It is the Fibronectin.
The dorsal lip of the blastopore form the organizer tissue of the amphibian gastrula. The tissue dorsalizes the ectoderm, transforming it into neural tissues and transforms ventral mesoderm into lateral and dorsal mesoderm. The organizer comprises of pharyngeal endoderm, head mesoderm, notochord, and dorsal blastopore lip tissues. The organizer functions by secreting protein (Noggin, chord in, and follistatin) that block the BMP signal that would otherwise centralize the mesoderm and activate the epidermal gene in the ectoderm.
The organizer itself induced by the Nieuwkoop center, located in the dorsal most vegetal cells. This center is formed by the translocation of the Disheveled protein and Wnt11 to the coral side of the egg to stabilize beta-catenin in the dorsal cells of the embryo.
The Siamois and Twin protein collaborate with Smad2/4 transcription factors generated by the TGF beta pathway (Nodal, Vg1, and activin) to activate genes encoding BMP inhibitors. Noggin, chord in, and follistatin, as well as the transcription factor Goosecoid are the BMP inhibitors. When BMP inhibitors are present, the ectoderm cells form neural tissue, but the action of BMP on ectoderm cells causes them to become epidermis. For the head region, an additional set of proteins (Cerberus, Frzb, Dickkopf) block the Wnt signal from the ventral and lateral mesoderm.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) help transform the neural tube into anterior (forebrain) tissue.
This is just snap view of amphibian early development and you can look into other biology texts books or online developmental biology for more details and thanks for reading.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Developemental Biology 9 edition by Scott F. Gilbert.
Cleavage in most frog embryos is radially symmetrical and holoblastic, just like echinoderm cleavage. As we mentioned that amphibian cleavage is holoblastic, but it is unequal due to the presence of yolk in the vegetal hemisphere.
Gastrulation in amphibian begins with the invagination of the bottle cells, followed by the coordinated involution of the mesoderm and the epiboly of the ectoderm. The rotation of the vegetal pole plays a important role in directing the involution pattern. During gastrulation, the driving forces for ectoderm epiboly and the convergent extension of the mesoderm are the intercalation events in which several tissues layers merge. What play important role to make sure that mesodermal cell to migrate into the embryo? It is the Fibronectin.
The dorsal lip of the blastopore form the organizer tissue of the amphibian gastrula. The tissue dorsalizes the ectoderm, transforming it into neural tissues and transforms ventral mesoderm into lateral and dorsal mesoderm. The organizer comprises of pharyngeal endoderm, head mesoderm, notochord, and dorsal blastopore lip tissues. The organizer functions by secreting protein (Noggin, chord in, and follistatin) that block the BMP signal that would otherwise centralize the mesoderm and activate the epidermal gene in the ectoderm.
The organizer itself induced by the Nieuwkoop center, located in the dorsal most vegetal cells. This center is formed by the translocation of the Disheveled protein and Wnt11 to the coral side of the egg to stabilize beta-catenin in the dorsal cells of the embryo.
The Siamois and Twin protein collaborate with Smad2/4 transcription factors generated by the TGF beta pathway (Nodal, Vg1, and activin) to activate genes encoding BMP inhibitors. Noggin, chord in, and follistatin, as well as the transcription factor Goosecoid are the BMP inhibitors. When BMP inhibitors are present, the ectoderm cells form neural tissue, but the action of BMP on ectoderm cells causes them to become epidermis. For the head region, an additional set of proteins (Cerberus, Frzb, Dickkopf) block the Wnt signal from the ventral and lateral mesoderm.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) help transform the neural tube into anterior (forebrain) tissue.
This is just snap view of amphibian early development and you can look into other biology texts books or online developmental biology for more details and thanks for reading.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Developemental Biology 9 edition by Scott F. Gilbert.
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