The Gallbladder!

This is another Histology class topic under digestive system named: The Gallbladder. The gallbladder stores the bile produced by the liver and is a pear -shaped, distensible sac with a volume of about 50mL in humans, It is attached to the visceral surface of the liver. Most of what the liver produces are being stored by the gallbladder e.g bile salt, cholesterol, bilirubin etc. The present of hormones cells called enteroendocrine cells, the mocusa is fold (columnar epithelium). It does not have submucosa/ muscular mucosa. The functions are: Cystic duct, stores/removes water to concentrate bile, discharge bile through common bile duct. The layer where the gallbladder is attached to the liver is called adventitia and the unattached surface  is covered by a serosa or visceral peritoneum consisting of a layer of mesothelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue.
I heard that if you removed yours gallbladder, the body will still function properly. That is true, but why in the first place God put the gallbladder there? I think I will leave the question for anyone to answer. Thanks for reading and sharing this blog with other.
Reference:
Histology A Text and Atlas, 2011 by Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina.

The Liver!

I want to share one of my Histology class topic under Digestive System name: Liver. The liver is the largest mass of glandular tissue in the body and also the largest internal organ, weighing approximately 1,500 g; and accounting for nearly 2.5% of adult body weight. These are functions of the liver as followed: Exocrine, production of bile (salts, Nacl, cholesterol, emulsifying agent etc.), degrades toxin, store Vitamins (A,D), production of proteins (Albumin, immunoglobulins, C-reactive protein etc.), modifies hormones. It act in metabolism of carbohydrates. The structure (Lobules)-functional unit:
-parenchyma
-CT stroma
-Sinusoda/ capillaries
-Spaces of disse.
I was so happy to know more about liver functions and structure, which kind of open my eye to different organ in the body and how they inter-related. Example; Our the liver helps to control blood sugar level and also store glucose in form of glycogen in the liver.

Reference:
Histology A Text and Atlas, 2011 by Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina.

KIDNEY STRUCTURE NEPHRON!

The Kidney are highly vascular organ, they receive approximately 25% of the cardiac output. The kidney produce urine, initail a glomerular ultrafiltrate of the blood or primary urine, which is then modified by selective resorption and specific secretion by the cells of the kidney. The final urine is conveyed by the ureters to the urinaru bladder, it is stored until discharged via the urethra.
The Kidney are large, reddish, bean-shaped organ located on either side of the spinal column in the retroperitoneal spacxe of the posterior abdominal cavity. The picture will show the structure, flow of blood in the tubule and how the reasorption works:


Capsule: The Kidney surface is covered by a connective tissue capsule. The capsule consists of two distinct layers: an outer layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, and an inner layer with cellular component of myofibroblast.
Function:
-Synthesis and secretion of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
- Synthesis and secretion of the acid protease renin, an enzyme involve in control of blood pressure and blood volume.
-Hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3, a steriod presursor produced in the liver.

Reference:
www.humanbodyreviews.com
Histology A Text and Atlas. Author: Michael H. Ross, Wojciech Pawlina. Sixth Edition.

LUNG CANCER!

Lung cancer is a disease in the lung cells, resulted from a typical uncontrolled of cell growth or uncontrolled abnornal growth of cells in the lung, and if this condition is un-treated or not discovered earlier; it can metastasis to nearere tissues or cells. And that can cause a damage to other organs as well. Let us look at this picture of a infected lung with cancer bellow:



This is cross section of a infected lungs and we can see our it damage the cells in the lungs. This picture was taken wikipedia website library. Most cancer that start from the lung is called primary lung cancer, carcinomas that derive from epithlium cells in the body. The main type of lung carcer is small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer. Lung cancer can be seen under a radiograph and computed tomography. The treatment may vary in individual, depend on the severity; but the most common are surgery, chemotherapy etc.

Reference:
Picture was taken from http://www.wikipedia.com/

Digestive system: Intestine.

The intestines are the parts of the digestive system responsible for the absorption of nutrients and water. Two anatomic regions exist, the small intestine and the large intestine. Both of these are further subdivided into anatomically discernible subdivisions. The small intestine has three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum; the large intestine is subdivided into the colon, cecum, rectum, and is continuous with the anus, the last portion of the alimentary canal  

This diagram lays out in schematic form some of the salient features of the two major subdivisions of the intestine, and highlights their similarities and differences. These are key things that will enable you to distinguish them from each other in the microscope. Overall the intestines have the normal form expected of tubular organs, including the four "tunics" discussed in Exercise 18, the tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis externa, and the tunica serosa.

Author. Dr. Thomas Caceci.
www.vetmed.vt.edu.

Oral cavity. "Tongue."

Tongue

• is almost purely made of muscle
• the ant 2/3 is called the oral part = originates from 1st pharyngeal arch
• post 1/3 = pharyngeal part, orginates from 3rd arch, behind terminal sulcus of tongue
• @ midline of terminal sulcus is foramen cecum, the remnant of thyroglossal duct
• root = from 4th arch
• Has midline sulcus on dosal surface = location of fusion of 1 lateral swellings of ant tongue over tuberculum impar.

Function: aid in speaking, allow for movement of food toward oropharynx and within oral cavity
Parts:
Body – most of the tongue
Apex – pointed ant part
root – part fixed to hyoid bone and mandible, is located behind palatoglossal fold, location of lingual tonsils.
Taste Buds: SEE HISTO
The inferior surface of tongue has a very thin mucus membrane, so can see many veins, and is attached to floor of mouth via another mucus membrane fold = lingual frenulum. – Basically keeps tongue in mouth while allowing apex to move about
Muscle of Tongue = all innervated by CN XII, except palatoglossus, which we already said is innervated by Pharyngeal plexus, via CN X
Intrinsic m - change the shape of tongue itself
Sup/Inf Longitudinal, Transverse, Vertical
Extrinsic m – change position of tongue

• Genioglossus – protrudes and depresses tongue
• Hyoglossus – depresses and retracts tongue
• Styloglossus – retracts and elevate tongue
• Palatoglossus – elevates tongue.

Reference: www.anatomytopics.wordpress.com/2008/12

MUSCLE.

Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse"^[1]) is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to produce force and cause motion. Muscles can cause either locomotion of the organism itself or movement of internal organs. Cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival. Examples are the contraction of the heart and peristalsis which pushes food through the digestive system. Voluntary contraction of the skeletal muscles is used to move the body and can be finely controlled. Examples are movements of the eye, or gross movements like the quadriceps muscle of the thigh. There are two broad types of voluntary muscle fibers: slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force while fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly.
Muscles are predominately powered by the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, but anaerobic chemical reactions are also used, particularly by fast twitch fibers. These chemical reactions produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads.

Reference:
www.wikipedia.com

Bone growth !!!!!

Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The steps in intramembranous ossification are:

1. Development of ossification center
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of periosteum

[edit] Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification, on the other hand, occurs in long bones and most of the rest of the bones in the body; it involves an initial hyaline cartilage that continues to grow. The steps in endochondral ossification are:

1. Development of cartilage model
2. Growth of cartilage model
3. Development of the primary ossification center
4. Development of the secondary ossification center
5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called "primary ossification centers." They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth. They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and certain parts of irregular bones. Secondary ossification occurs after birth, and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones. The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the epiphyseal plate). When the child reaches skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all of the cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure).

Reference:
www.wikipedia.com

LONG BONE.

Long bones are characterized by a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much longer than it is wide. They are made up mostly of compact bone, with lesser amounts of marrow, located within the medullary cavity, and spongy bone. Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones. The exceptions are those of the wrist, ankle an d kneecap.
Reference:
www.wikipedia.org

Bone Tissue

BONE TISSUE
Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue and is the main element of the skeletal tissues. It is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix in which fibers are embedded. Bone tissue is unlike other connective tissues in that the extracellular matrix becomes calcified.
FUNCTIONS OF BONE TISSUE

• The skeleton is built of bone tissue. Bone provides the internal support of the body and provides sites of attachment of tendons and muscles, essential for locomotion.
• Bone provides protection for the vital organs of the body: the skull protects the brain; the ribs protect the heart and lungs.
• The hematopoietic bone marrow is protected by the surrounding bony tissue.
• The main store of calcium and phosphate is in bone. Bone has several metabolic functions especially in calcium homeostasis.

Bone is a hard, but brittle, tissue and is relatively light per unit volume. Bone is a dynamic tissue, which throughout life bone tissue is continually being formed and resorbed. This remodelling and reorganization of bone tissue is the result of many factors including:

• mechanical stimuli
• metabolic causes (lack of dietary calcium, illness, aging)
• endocrine changes
• effects of drugs.

MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE
There are two main categories of bone :

• Spongy bone (trabecular bone, cancellous bone)
• Compact bone (cortical bone)

Spongy bone
Spongy bone is composed of a lattice or network of branching bone spicules or trabeculae. The spaces between the bone spicules contain bone marrow.
Compact bone
Compact bone appears as a mass of bony tissue lacking spaces visible to the unaided eye

Reference:
www.technion.ac.il

SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE TISSUE!

Reference: http://www.blessedherbs.com/

INTESTINE! Outer wall.

The serosa consists of ordinary loose fibrous connective tissue with a delicate covering of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium derived from mesoderm).  The serosa is continuous with the mesentery.

Reference: www. siumed.edu

Connective tissue disease, called Rheumatiod arthritis.

 

Rheumatoid arthritis (often called RA) is a chronic (long-standing) disease that damages the joints of the body.

 

What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the body is mistakenly attacked by its own immune system. Rheumatoid arthritis can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as in other organs in the body. Because it can affect multiple organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease. While rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness, meaning it can last for years, patients may experience long periods without symptoms. Typically, however, rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive illness that has the potential to cause joint destruction and functional disability.

Reference:
www.medicinenet.com.