The Gallbladder!

This is another Histology class topic under digestive system named: The Gallbladder. The gallbladder stores the bile produced by the liver and is a pear -shaped, distensible sac with a volume of about 50mL in humans, It is attached to the visceral surface of the liver. Most of what the liver produces are being stored by the gallbladder e.g bile salt, cholesterol, bilirubin etc. The present of hormones cells called enteroendocrine cells, the mocusa is fold (columnar epithelium). It does not have submucosa/ muscular mucosa. The functions are: Cystic duct, stores/removes water to concentrate bile, discharge bile through common bile duct. The layer where the gallbladder is attached to the liver is called adventitia and the unattached surface  is covered by a serosa or visceral peritoneum consisting of a layer of mesothelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue.
I heard that if you removed yours gallbladder, the body will still function properly. That is true, but why in the first place God put the gallbladder there? I think I will leave the question for anyone to answer. Thanks for reading and sharing this blog with other.
Reference:
Histology A Text and Atlas, 2011 by Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina.

The Liver!

I want to share one of my Histology class topic under Digestive System name: Liver. The liver is the largest mass of glandular tissue in the body and also the largest internal organ, weighing approximately 1,500 g; and accounting for nearly 2.5% of adult body weight. These are functions of the liver as followed: Exocrine, production of bile (salts, Nacl, cholesterol, emulsifying agent etc.), degrades toxin, store Vitamins (A,D), production of proteins (Albumin, immunoglobulins, C-reactive protein etc.), modifies hormones. It act in metabolism of carbohydrates. The structure (Lobules)-functional unit:
-parenchyma
-CT stroma
-Sinusoda/ capillaries
-Spaces of disse.
I was so happy to know more about liver functions and structure, which kind of open my eye to different organ in the body and how they inter-related. Example; Our the liver helps to control blood sugar level and also store glucose in form of glycogen in the liver.

Reference:
Histology A Text and Atlas, 2011 by Michael H. Ross & Wojciech Pawlina.

KIDNEY STRUCTURE NEPHRON!

The Kidney are highly vascular organ, they receive approximately 25% of the cardiac output. The kidney produce urine, initail a glomerular ultrafiltrate of the blood or primary urine, which is then modified by selective resorption and specific secretion by the cells of the kidney. The final urine is conveyed by the ureters to the urinaru bladder, it is stored until discharged via the urethra.
The Kidney are large, reddish, bean-shaped organ located on either side of the spinal column in the retroperitoneal spacxe of the posterior abdominal cavity. The picture will show the structure, flow of blood in the tubule and how the reasorption works:


Capsule: The Kidney surface is covered by a connective tissue capsule. The capsule consists of two distinct layers: an outer layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, and an inner layer with cellular component of myofibroblast.
Function:
-Synthesis and secretion of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
- Synthesis and secretion of the acid protease renin, an enzyme involve in control of blood pressure and blood volume.
-Hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3, a steriod presursor produced in the liver.

Reference:
www.humanbodyreviews.com
Histology A Text and Atlas. Author: Michael H. Ross, Wojciech Pawlina. Sixth Edition.

LUNG CANCER!

Lung cancer is a disease in the lung cells, resulted from a typical uncontrolled of cell growth or uncontrolled abnornal growth of cells in the lung, and if this condition is un-treated or not discovered earlier; it can metastasis to nearere tissues or cells. And that can cause a damage to other organs as well. Let us look at this picture of a infected lung with cancer bellow:



This is cross section of a infected lungs and we can see our it damage the cells in the lungs. This picture was taken wikipedia website library. Most cancer that start from the lung is called primary lung cancer, carcinomas that derive from epithlium cells in the body. The main type of lung carcer is small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer. Lung cancer can be seen under a radiograph and computed tomography. The treatment may vary in individual, depend on the severity; but the most common are surgery, chemotherapy etc.

Reference:
Picture was taken from http://www.wikipedia.com/