Acrosome: A bag of enzymes that sits at the tip of a spermatozoan, above the nucleus. It opens
during fertilization, releasing enzymes that coat the head of the sperm and break down the various
extracellular layers surrounding the egg.
Acrosome reaction: The events in the head of a sperm that opens the acrosomal vesicle, releasing its contents to the outside. The acrosome reaction occurs when the sperm hits the outer extracellular coats surrounding the egg. Components in these coats set off the acrosome reaction.
AMH (anti-Müllerian duct hormone): A hormone produced by Sertoli cells within the testis during mammalian embryonic development. It causes the destruction of the Müllerian ducts, the precursors to the oviducts and uterus.
Anti-Müllerian duct hormone (AMH): A hormone produced by Sertoli cells within the testis during embryonic development. It causes the destruction of the Müllerian ducts, the precursors to the oviducts and uterus.
Corona radiata: In the mammalian ovary, the follicle cells immediately surrounding the oocyte which will remain attached to the egg when it is ovulated.
Corpus albicans: In the mammalian ovary, the scar tissue that replaces a declining corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum: In the mammalian ovary, the follicle that is left after an egg has been ovulated. It functions as an endocrine organ, secreting progesterone and estrogen, which maintain the uterine lining in preparation for implantation.
Cortex: A histological term referring to the outer region of an organ, as opposed to the medulla, which refers to the inner region.
Cortical granules: Vesicles found in the cortical cytoplasm of an unfertilized egg. These contain components which are released to the exterior upon fertilization or activation of the egg. These components modify the extracellular substances such that sperm are no longer able to approach the egg cell surface.
Diploid: Having two of each type of chromosome. 2N is used to indicate the diploid number of chromosomes. Fibroblast: A cell that secretes extracellular fibers, such as collagen and elastin. It is found in mesenchymal tissues and is the most common cell type of connective tissue.
Flagellum: A long locomotory organelle that extends from the surface of certain cells such as most spermatozoa. It consists of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, nine outer doublets and two inner singlets.
Follicle: In a mammalian ovary, the structure that is made up of a developing ovum surrounded by nurse (follicle) cells.
Germ cells: The generic term for cells that are, or will become, gametes (sperm or eggs).
Gonad: The organ in which gametes form. In males, this is the testis, a sperm-forming organ, and in females this is the ovary, an ovum-forming organ. In the embryo, the gonad begins developing in the absence of germ cells, and secondarily becomes populated by the primordial germ cells, the cells that will become the gametes.
Graafian follicle: In a mammalian ovary, a mature, or tertiary follicle.
slide or as an insert for the ocular.
Müllerian duct: In the vertebrate embryo, the duct that will become the oviduct and uterus. In
mammals, it also forms the upper end of the vagina.
Oogonium: A developing ovum that is in the gonial stage, dividing by mitosis.
Ootid: A developing ovum in the gonotid stage. An ootid is haploid, with each of its chromosomes
consisting of a single chromatid. The second meiotic division divides the secondary oocyte
asymmetrically, producing one ootid and one tiny polar body.
Ovary: The female gonad in which germ cells form ova.
Polar bodies: The small cells divided off from the developing ovum as it goes through meiosis. Each
meiotic division in the egg is asymmetric, resulting in a large cell that will continue on to become the
mature ovum and a small polar body, that is eventually sloughed.
Acrosome reaction: The events in the head of a sperm that opens the acrosomal vesicle, releasing its contents to the outside. The acrosome reaction occurs when the sperm hits the outer extracellular coats surrounding the egg. Components in these coats set off the acrosome reaction.
AMH (anti-Müllerian duct hormone): A hormone produced by Sertoli cells within the testis during mammalian embryonic development. It causes the destruction of the Müllerian ducts, the precursors to the oviducts and uterus.
Anti-Müllerian duct hormone (AMH): A hormone produced by Sertoli cells within the testis during embryonic development. It causes the destruction of the Müllerian ducts, the precursors to the oviducts and uterus.
Corona radiata: In the mammalian ovary, the follicle cells immediately surrounding the oocyte which will remain attached to the egg when it is ovulated.
Corpus albicans: In the mammalian ovary, the scar tissue that replaces a declining corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum: In the mammalian ovary, the follicle that is left after an egg has been ovulated. It functions as an endocrine organ, secreting progesterone and estrogen, which maintain the uterine lining in preparation for implantation.
Cortex: A histological term referring to the outer region of an organ, as opposed to the medulla, which refers to the inner region.
Cortical granules: Vesicles found in the cortical cytoplasm of an unfertilized egg. These contain components which are released to the exterior upon fertilization or activation of the egg. These components modify the extracellular substances such that sperm are no longer able to approach the egg cell surface.
Diploid: Having two of each type of chromosome. 2N is used to indicate the diploid number of chromosomes. Fibroblast: A cell that secretes extracellular fibers, such as collagen and elastin. It is found in mesenchymal tissues and is the most common cell type of connective tissue.
Flagellum: A long locomotory organelle that extends from the surface of certain cells such as most spermatozoa. It consists of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, nine outer doublets and two inner singlets.
Follicle: In a mammalian ovary, the structure that is made up of a developing ovum surrounded by nurse (follicle) cells.
Germ cells: The generic term for cells that are, or will become, gametes (sperm or eggs).
Gonad: The organ in which gametes form. In males, this is the testis, a sperm-forming organ, and in females this is the ovary, an ovum-forming organ. In the embryo, the gonad begins developing in the absence of germ cells, and secondarily becomes populated by the primordial germ cells, the cells that will become the gametes.
Graafian follicle: In a mammalian ovary, a mature, or tertiary follicle.
Haploid: Having only one of each type of chromosome. 1N is used to indicate the haploid number of
chromosomes.
Hilum: In the mammalian ovary, the narrow region at the proximal end where the ovary attaches to the broad ligament within the body cavity.
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells): In the testis, these are the cells that lie between the seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone in response to leutinizing hormone (LH).
Leydig cells: The interstitial cells of the testis. These cells lie between the seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone in response to leutinizing hormone (LH)
chromosomes.
Hilum: In the mammalian ovary, the narrow region at the proximal end where the ovary attaches to the broad ligament within the body cavity.
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells): In the testis, these are the cells that lie between the seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone in response to leutinizing hormone (LH).
Leydig cells: The interstitial cells of the testis. These cells lie between the seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone in response to leutinizing hormone (LH)
Medulla: A term referring to the inner region of an organ, as opposed to the cortex, which refers to
the outer region.
Meiosis: The type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in cells, taking them from a diploid (2N) to a haploid number (1N) of chromosomes. This occurs only in germ cells.
Meiosis: The type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in cells, taking them from a diploid (2N) to a haploid number (1N) of chromosomes. This occurs only in germ cells.
slide or as an insert for the ocular.
Müllerian duct: In the vertebrate embryo, the duct that will become the oviduct and uterus. In
mammals, it also forms the upper end of the vagina.
Oogonium: A developing ovum that is in the gonial stage, dividing by mitosis.
Ootid: A developing ovum in the gonotid stage. An ootid is haploid, with each of its chromosomes
consisting of a single chromatid. The second meiotic division divides the secondary oocyte
asymmetrically, producing one ootid and one tiny polar body.
Ovary: The female gonad in which germ cells form ova.
Polar bodies: The small cells divided off from the developing ovum as it goes through meiosis. Each
meiotic division in the egg is asymmetric, resulting in a large cell that will continue on to become the
mature ovum and a small polar body, that is eventually sloughed.
Polyspermy: Fertilization of an egg with more than one sperm.
Primary follicles: In a mammalian ovary, the follicle as it begins to grow. The follicle cells become
cuboidal and/or columnar and increase in number, forming multiple layers.
Primary gonocyte stage: The stage in germ cell development following the gonial stage. During this
stage, the germ cells leave the mitotic stage and enter a stage of growth. At the end of this stage,Primary follicles: In a mammalian ovary, the follicle as it begins to grow. The follicle cells become
cuboidal and/or columnar and increase in number, forming multiple layers.
the cell enters the first meiotic division.
Primary oocyte: A developing ovum in the primary gonocyte stage, a stage during which the cell is
growing and not dividing. At the end of this stage, the cell enters the first meiotic division.
Primary spermatocyte: A developing sperm in the primary gonial stage, a stage during which the cell
is growing and not dividing. At the end of this stage, the cell enters the first meiotic division.
Spermiogenesis: spermatozoan.
Primary oocyte: A developing ovum in the primary gonocyte stage, a stage during which the cell is
growing and not dividing. At the end of this stage, the cell enters the first meiotic division.
Primary spermatocyte: A developing sperm in the primary gonial stage, a stage during which the cell
is growing and not dividing. At the end of this stage, the cell enters the first meiotic division.
Secondary follicle: In a mammalian ovary, a follicle that has begun to develop an antrum (a space
filled with fluid).
Secondary gonocyte stage: The stage in germ cell development following the first meiotic division. The cell at this stage is haploid. Each of its chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids. At the end of this stage, the cell enters the second meiotic division.
Secondary oocyte: A developing ovum in the secondary gonocyte stage. A secondary oocyte is haploid. Each of its chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids. The first meiotic division divides the primary oocyte asymmetrically, producing one secondary oocyte and one tiny polar body. At the end of this stage, the secondary oocyte enters the second meiotic division.
Secondary spermatocyte: A developing sperm in the secondary gonocyte stage. The cell at this stage is haploid. Each of its chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids. The first meiotic division divides the primary spermatocyte symmetrically, producing two secondary spermatocytes. At the end of this stage, the secondary spermatocyte enters the second meiotic division.
Seminiferous tubules: The epithelial tubules within the testis where sperm develop.
Sertoli cells: The nurse cells that support the development of sperm in the mammalian testis. Also,
during mammalian embryonic development, the Sertoli cells secrete AMH (anti-Müllerian duct
hormone), which destroys the Müllerian duct.
Spermatid: A developing sperm in the gonotid stage. The cell at this stage is haploid, with each of
its chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid. The second meiotic division divides the secondary spermatocyte symmetrically, producing two spermatids. At the end of this stage, the spermatid begins the process of spermiogenesis to be come mature spermatozoa.
Spermatogenesis: The entire sequence of events in forming a sperm, from the spermatogonial stage to the mature spermatozoan.
Spermatogonium: A developing sperm in the gonial stage, dividing by mitosis. Spermatozoan: A mature sperm.
Secondary gonocyte stage: The stage in germ cell development following the first meiotic division. The cell at this stage is haploid. Each of its chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids. At the end of this stage, the cell enters the second meiotic division.
Secondary oocyte: A developing ovum in the secondary gonocyte stage. A secondary oocyte is haploid. Each of its chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids. The first meiotic division divides the primary oocyte asymmetrically, producing one secondary oocyte and one tiny polar body. At the end of this stage, the secondary oocyte enters the second meiotic division.
Secondary spermatocyte: A developing sperm in the secondary gonocyte stage. The cell at this stage is haploid. Each of its chromosomes consists of two sister chromatids. The first meiotic division divides the primary spermatocyte symmetrically, producing two secondary spermatocytes. At the end of this stage, the secondary spermatocyte enters the second meiotic division.
Seminiferous tubules: The epithelial tubules within the testis where sperm develop.
Sertoli cells: The nurse cells that support the development of sperm in the mammalian testis. Also,
during mammalian embryonic development, the Sertoli cells secrete AMH (anti-Müllerian duct
hormone), which destroys the Müllerian duct.
Spermatid: A developing sperm in the gonotid stage. The cell at this stage is haploid, with each of
its chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid. The second meiotic division divides the secondary spermatocyte symmetrically, producing two spermatids. At the end of this stage, the spermatid begins the process of spermiogenesis to be come mature spermatozoa.
Spermatogenesis: The entire sequence of events in forming a sperm, from the spermatogonial stage to the mature spermatozoan.
Spermatogonium: A developing sperm in the gonial stage, dividing by mitosis. Spermatozoan: A mature sperm.
Spermiogenesis: spermatozoan.
The differentiation process that transforms a spermatid into a mature
Testis: The male gonad in which germ cells form sperm.
Theca: Literally, a case. Any sac or casing surrounding an organ or structure. In the mammalian
ovary, it is the layer of cells and connective tissue that surround a follicle.
Theca externa: In the mammalian ovary, the outer portion of the cellular capsule surrounding a
follicle. It is more fibrous than the theca intern.
Theca: Literally, a case. Any sac or casing surrounding an organ or structure. In the mammalian
ovary, it is the layer of cells and connective tissue that surround a follicle.
Theca externa: In the mammalian ovary, the outer portion of the cellular capsule surrounding a
follicle. It is more fibrous than the theca intern.
Tunica albuginea: Literally, a white cloak. This is a connective tissue sheath found around various
organs. Around the testis, it is a tough substantial sheath. Around the ovary, it is thin.
Wolffian duct: In a vertebrate embryo, the duct that first serves the pronephric and then the mesonephric kidney. A synonym for the pronephric and mesonephric duct. In amniotes, it becomes the ductus (vas) deferens, and epididymis.
Zona pellucida: The extracellular coat surrounding a mammalian oocyte. It contains various glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3, which are important in the fertilization reaction.
Zygote: A fertilized egg following fusion of the egg and sperm.
References:
http://labs.devbio.com/protected/resources/modules/LabBook/Tyler_LabManual_Complete_2010.pdf
Wolffian duct: In a vertebrate embryo, the duct that first serves the pronephric and then the mesonephric kidney. A synonym for the pronephric and mesonephric duct. In amniotes, it becomes the ductus (vas) deferens, and epididymis.
Zona pellucida: The extracellular coat surrounding a mammalian oocyte. It contains various glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3, which are important in the fertilization reaction.
Zygote: A fertilized egg following fusion of the egg and sperm.
References:
http://labs.devbio.com/protected/resources/modules/LabBook/Tyler_LabManual_Complete_2010.pdf
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