Developmental Biology! Condition associated with abnormal male gonad development during early development stage!

The are many conditions that can leads to abnormal development of male sex gonads during the early

development starting from fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis period. We will

mention only two for today and hope we learn something interesting from it.

- -Klinefelter syndrome is the condition that resulted from extra ‘X’ chromosome

received by a male child during fertilization period. Klinefelter syndrome can leads to low or

shortage of testosterone at puberty and this can leads to breast enlargement

(gynecomastia), reduced the facial and body hair and unable to father a child in life. 

-- Absent of gene can leads to abnormality of sex male gonad during early

development of embryo. For example: Deletion or mutation of SRY gene will results

in failure to form testicle part and end up forming or developing ovary and females

reproductive parts in male child.

For many other conditions that contributed to abnormal male sex gonad development can be 

view from either 'wikipedia website' or other medical website for more references to view. 

Thank you for reading my blog and hope to see you next time again.      

References: 

www.wikipedia.com

www.nih.gov or National institute of Health domain.

The Element of Ecology! Effect of overpopulation in community.

What is overpopulation? According to wikipedia dictionary, overpopulation a generally undesirable condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. Overpopulation occurs around the globe as well not just community in forest only and the consequence is very detrimental to the living organism and non-lilving organism too. These are effects of overpopulation as follow below:

1. Inadequate of food or scarcity of food in the community. 
2. Spread of disease around the community because of overcrowded among the group of different species in the community.
3. lack of space for habitation.
4. leads to change in temperature in the community.
5. increase in death rate and decrease in birth rate.
6. Lack of water or drought period.
7. Leads to competition within the community, either intraspecific or interspecific competition in the community.

There are many effects resulting from overpopulation in the community that is not mentioned, but you search online for many more. Thanks for reading and hope to see you next time again. 

References:
www.wikipedia.com
   

Developmental Biology! Topic: Summary of early amphibian development

Fertilization can occur anywhere in the animal hemisphere of the amphibian embryo, but the point of sperm entry is very imperative because it determines the orientation of the dorsal-ventral axis of the larva (tadpole). The point of sperm entry will mark the ventral side of the embryo, while the site 180 degrees opposite the point of sperm entry will mark the dorsal side.

Cleavage in most frog embryos is radially symmetrical and holoblastic, just like echinoderm cleavage. As we mentioned that amphibian cleavage is holoblastic, but it is unequal due to the presence of yolk in the vegetal hemisphere.

Gastrulation in amphibian begins with the invagination of the bottle cells, followed by the coordinated involution of the mesoderm and the epiboly of the ectoderm. The rotation of the vegetal pole plays a important role in directing the involution pattern. During gastrulation, the driving forces for ectoderm epiboly and the convergent extension of the mesoderm are the intercalation events in which several tissues layers merge. What play important role to make sure that mesodermal cell to migrate into the embryo? It is the Fibronectin.

The dorsal lip of the blastopore form the organizer tissue of the amphibian gastrula. The tissue dorsalizes the ectoderm, transforming it into neural tissues and transforms ventral mesoderm into lateral and dorsal mesoderm. The organizer comprises of pharyngeal endoderm, head mesoderm, notochord, and dorsal blastopore lip tissues. The organizer functions by secreting protein (Noggin, chord in, and follistatin) that block the BMP signal that would otherwise centralize the mesoderm and activate the epidermal gene in the ectoderm.

The organizer itself induced by the Nieuwkoop center, located in the dorsal most vegetal cells. This center is formed by the translocation of the Disheveled protein and Wnt11 to the coral side of the egg to stabilize beta-catenin in the dorsal cells of the embryo.

The Siamois and Twin protein collaborate with Smad2/4 transcription factors generated by the TGF beta pathway (Nodal, Vg1, and activin) to activate genes encoding BMP inhibitors. Noggin, chord in, and follistatin, as well as the transcription factor Goosecoid are the BMP inhibitors. When BMP inhibitors are present, the ectoderm cells form neural tissue, but the action of BMP on ectoderm cells causes them to become epidermis. For the head region, an additional set of proteins (Cerberus, Frzb, Dickkopf) block the Wnt signal from the ventral and lateral mesoderm.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) help transform the neural tube into anterior (forebrain) tissue.

This is just snap view of amphibian early development and you can look into other biology texts books or online developmental biology for more details and thanks for reading.

References:

www.wikipedia.com
Developemental Biology 9 edition by Scott F. Gilbert.

Element of Ecology! Topic: Interaction within the community

Interaction is common among different living species within a community and they can either cause interaction to reduced competition or predation, and the interaction can be direct or indirect interaction. We will focused on indirect interaction within a community. Direct interaction with a species is straight forward to understand, but indirect interaction is kind of different! Indirect interaction in food webs illustrate indirect interaction among species within the community. Indirect interaction can be define when one species does not interact with a second species directly, but influences a thirds species that does interact with second. For example, a predator may increase the population density of one or more inferior competitors by reducing the abundance of the superior competitor it preys on. We also have indirect positive interaction, result when one species benefits another indirectly through its interactions with others, reducing competition or predation in the community.

References:
Elements of Ecology 8 edition by Thomas M. Smith & Robert Leo Smith.

Developmental Biology! Fertilzation the starting juction to organogenesis!!

We must know that fertilization in vertebrate is as important as organogenesis because if anything went wrong it will surely affect the end of organogenesis. As we know that fertilization is the fusion of the mature sex cells, the sperm and the egg. It is very crucial that the male mature sex cell able to travel through the female reproductive path in order to penetrate the egg after been released and after the have sperm penetrated the egg then the next step is very important as well. After fertlization, is the cleavage where rapid mitotic divisions occur and they divided into smaller blastomeres, which the blastomeres fomred a sphere, known as a blastula. The blastocoel cavity in the beginning of gastrulation is important for allowing cell movement to occur during gastrulation period.

"It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life." Lewis Wolpert (1986).

After the rapid mitotic division in cleavage, thne gastrulation is the next where the blastomeres undergo dramatic movement and change their position relatives to one another. The series of cells rearragements is known as gastrulation and the embryo is said to be at the gastrula stage. At the end of the gastrulation results in three germ layers called Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. And these three germ layers will interact to form organs needed for the development of the embryo and the is called organogenesis. Organogenesis is when three germ layers interact with one another  and rearrange themselves to produce tissues and organs.

Fnally, the quality of organs and tissues developed depends on the crucial stages that the fertilized egg path through from fertilization to organogenesis and there are essential stages that the embryo need to take and the rapid mitotic division, and their changing of cells positioning to formed tissues and organs.

References:

www.wikipedia.com
Developmental Biology. Ninth Edition by Scott Gilbert

The Element of Ecology! Food chain!

As we all know that every organisms either small or large or micro need to obtain energy for their survival in the habitat they live. The way the organisms feed or depend on other for food to metabolize their daily activity and the structural linear is know as food chain. According to wikipedia dictionary, 'A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition.' Starting from the primary producer that depend on sunlight to make their nutrient and they are called autotroph or primary producers For examples; plants. And the next on is herbivores or primary consumers that feed on primary producers or autotroph organisms are 'grasshoppers' and follow by the next link chain called secondary consumers that feed on primary consumers e.g. rats. In secondary consumers stage, there are two type of feeding, one is carnivores (eating flesh) and omnivores (eating flesh and plants). The next is tertiary consumers that feeds on secondary consumers like snakes and the final one is the quaternary consumers feeds tertiary consumers to living. The predator at the bottom of food chain have less enemy, so they live longer than the primary producers, but the cycle of primary producers at the top of food chain is faster and they produce more in vast for the food cycle. After the bottom predator died, the detrivores (vultures, crabs)  feeds on the the quaternary consumers and they decomposed (by the decomposer like fungi and bacteria) as source of nutrients for the primary producers to grow. 

The picture of food chain from enchanted learning website below:

References:

www.wikipedia.com

www.enchantedlearning.com

Developmental Biology: Topic: Fibroblast growtth factor (FGF). Their functioning!

What is Fibroblast growth factor? Accroding to 'wikipedia dictionary', "Fibroblast growth factors, or FGFs, are a family of growth factors involved in angiogenesis, wound healings, and embryonic development. The FGFs are heparin-binding proteins and interactions with cell-surface-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been shown to be essential for FGF signal transduction."


Members FGF1 through FGF10 all bind fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). FGF1 is also known as acidic, and FGF2 is also known as basic fibroblast growth factor. Members FGF11, FGF12, FGF13, and FGF14, also known as FGF homologous factors 1-4 (FHF1-FHF4), have been shown to have distinct functional differences compared to the FGFs. Although these factors possess remarkably similar sequence homology, they do not bind FGFRs and are involved in intracellular processes unrelated to the FGFs.

Receptors:
The mammalian fibroblast growth factor receptor family has 4 members, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4. The FGFRs consist of three extracellular immunoglobulin-type domains (D1-D3), a single-span trans-membrane domain and an intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain.

Function:
-  FGFs are important players in wound healing.
- FGF1 and FGF2 stimulate angiogenesis and the proliferation of fibroblasts that give rise to granulation tissue, which fills up a wound space/cavity early in the wound-healing process.
- FGFs are major determinants of neuronal survival both during development and during adulthood.
- In addition, FGF-1 and FGF-2 seem to be involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and processes attributed to learning and memory, at least in the hippocampus.
- FGF23 is produced by bone but acts on FGFR1-expressing kidney cells to regulate the synthesis of vitamin D and in turn affect calcium homeostasis.
- One important function of FGF1 and FGF2 is the promotion of endothelial cell proliferation and the physical organization of endothelial cells into tube-like structures.
- FGF is critical during normal development of both vertebrates and invertebrates and any irregularities in their function leads to a range of developmental defects.

References:
www.wikipedia.com

Element of Ecology! Topic: Impact of climate change on economical sector!

The rise in climate change will cost the US economy and we will mention five keys lesson that we must know as result of climate change as follow below:

1. Economic impacts of climate change will occur throughout the country, which means that the impact of climate change will affect the US economy all round the country and is not limited to certain states but all as whole. 
2. Economic impacts will be unevenly distributed across regions and within the economy and society, meaning the impact of the climate change will vary depending on certain region and their topography.
3. Negative climate impacts will outweigh benefits for most sectors that provide essential goods and services to society. As we all nkow that the rise in climate change has benefit, but the negative impact will out-weigh the benefit. 
4. Climate change impacts will place immense strains on public sector budgets. We must know that change in climate will have negative impact in budget of US, because more money wil be spend and other sector might be cut spending and that is not good.
5. Secondary effects of climate impacts can include higher prices, reduced income and job losses. As we know that uneployment rate is high around United State as nation, but the impact of climate change plays a major role in it, by incraese in gasoline and less employment opportunity for citizens, except the qualified educated ones that meet the standard jobs.

References:

www.epa.org.